Its been a few years since I published a paper on introducing digital technology into my outdoor learning (OL) sessions with Early Years (EY) undergraduate students as part of their EY degree. A key module of the course, ‘ Children Learning through Landscapes’ helps students to become confident in using the outdoors as part of their pedagogical approach in their practice. This is an area that I relish teaching the students. Mud, worms , NATURE , I am happy here …. inspired by so many authors like Louv (2008) and his theory of Nature Deficit Disorder , Fjortoft’s empirical work (2001) on the the effects of the natural environment as a playground for learning in children.
But, as part of my own pedagogy I was caught in a tension between traditional OL and Play and my own beliefs and passions for nature and struggled with where digital technology fitted in . Did it fit in ? Would it spoil the purpose of OL and Play ? I took a risk and stepped into the unknown, I explored the use of some digital platforms with my students as well as getting them to use the simplest thing ever – the camera on their phone or the iPad when we were outside doing ‘mud’ and in nature. One afternoon with a group of year 2 students I had a Damascus experience – all because of how a student used her camera on her iphone to take a photo of a peacock butterfly that landed on her hand – what she then did with the photo made me see the power of technology and nature. The paper (Boulton , 2021) explains an approach I went on to trial with the students, but since then it has taken me on a journey of sharing my practice , my trials and errors and my changed views and pedagogies with many colleagues and practitioners at conferences and workshops with #naturalresourceswales #earlyyearswales #cardiffuniversity .
I am still on that journey of discovery and learning, and digging deeper into the fundamentals of digital technology and where it fits with learning, play and the natural environment. Observations in many local primary schools and piles of reading hours have been, and continue to be, part of my own learning and development, and there are so many excellent texts and research papers on this topic, I have been encouraged to teach a new module we are offering this year to our students @USW . An immersive short module, where students will explore the tensions between traditional EY Play , including in the outdoors, and the use of digital technology in that play as well as develop their own digital competency skills. A collaborative approach will be taken and use of ipads, various apps and digital tools will be used to create a digital output that students can use in their practice… I am excited to be sharing this with my students and taking this step and looking at this important area of Early years learning .
There have been many authors who’s work has influenced my thinking and struck a chord. The work of Mona Sakr , Lorna Arnott, both of whom provide a fantastic knowledge of digital play and play as a pedagogy in itself – the tensions are explored with sensitivity and debate is very clearly substantiated with concrete research and some insightful case studies. Through Sakr’s work I have learned about the ‘We- Paradigm’ ( Galveanu, 2017, cited in Sakr, 2020), within the context of collaborative creative play mediated by digital technology and Arnott’s (2017) examples of digital storytelling through play through case studies stimulated my thinking about how I want my students develop this knowledge and skill , in the outdoors, so they develop the confidence to use the right digital tools to help reconnect children to nature. It’s not so much about whether we use digital technology in outdoor play , but how and which tool we might use . … I cannot tell you what a significant paradigm shift that has been for me .
It has been so reassuring to read several research papers that have consolidated the thoughts that I have battled with for so long about the use of digital technology outdoors , van Kraalingen (2023) reviews recent studies that highlight that dichotomy and makes me feel like it is not jut me and this is a real and significant part of Early Years discourse. Likewise Hills and Thomas (2020) who present a conceptual framework that can help practitioners to carefully consider their use or indeed non-use of digital technology in outdoor ‘experiential’ learning .
In conjunction with these areas of research is that of Prince and Diggory (2023) who look at the extent of recognition given by Ofsted to non-mandatory curricular OL in England , they found it was aligned with PE in a majority of cases reviewed, but not so much recognized as pedagogical approach across all subject areas, because Senior leaders need to know that OL provision in this way, will contribute positively to an inspection grading . This has further stimulated a lot of thinking about the barriers practitioners face in developing their pedagogies in these two areas , which still sits in silos for some and ‘never the twain shall meet’. For others there is great progress and there is a synergy that is being observed with digital technology being used as part of outdoor learning and play through good practice . But this takes courage, and for some it is the ‘paradgim shift’ that requires a leap of faith . A lot of curriculum reform has taken place in Wales which is exciting and brings a new way of thinking and doing , particularly in the non maintained curriculum for nursery settings (WG, 2023), where we see ‘OL and pedagogy’ in the same sentence ! I was thrilled and it is a very clear and robust curriculum for our nursery settings in Wales which really embraces authentic learning. But elsewhere in the progressive curriculum, OL still needs to be more overtly identified as a pedagogy, with some clear guidance and examples for practitioners to access . Not everyone has access to the latest research , not all practitioners can locate journal papers , so providing the right format in the right context with a tone that encourages opportunities for trying new things is needed, without fear of pressure from inspection ratings; Practitioners should be praised for exploring new ideas. Several useful resources are available on the Hwb (WG) and are very helpful for EY practitioners in supporting curriculum provision in the outdoors, play as a pedagogy as well as several other ‘playlist’ resources, but there is still a need for more support , training and resources to be accessible so that EY practitioners are willing to try a different way, so that OL becomes part of teaching and learning everyday and where using digital technology is not always seen as something that has to be separate.
It turns out that my excitement in developing my own understanding of digital technology and its place in OL and Play has opened a can of worms. A spiral of questions have emerged, what else do we need to
ensure is part of ITE and EYP degrees ? why is it so hard to combine these two approaches in real life ? why can’t practitioners be praised for trying new ideas by inspectorate? what can help support / change views and inform practice ? how do we make cutting edge research more accessible to the classroom
practitioner so that it is owned by the people that can make it happen? …… this can of worms is one that I hope will contribute to my PhD, but there’s a lot of worms to get through before we get to that .
How grateful I am to the work of all those researching these important topics, and how they inspired my passion for teaching outdoors, to rethink my pedagogy , to be brave and try it out and to open that can of worms … to be continued….
References
Arnott. L. (2017) Digital Technologies and Learning in the Early Years. London : Sage
Boulton, P. (2021), “Digitally proficient but disconnected from the outdoor world? A reflection on pedagogies used in an Early Years degree in higher education”, Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-03-2019-0066
Fjortoft, I. (2001) The Natural environment as a playground for children: The impact of outdoor play activities in pre-primary school children. Environmental Education. 29 (2) pp.111-117
Hills, D. & Thomas ,G. (2020) Digital Technology and outdoor experiential learning . Journal of adventure education and outdoor learning . https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2019.1604244
Louv, R. (2008) The Last child in the Woods : saving our children from nature deficit disorder. London : Atlantic books
Prince, H. E. and Diggory, O. (2023) Recognition and reporting of outdoor learning in primary schools in England. Journal of adventure education and outdoor learning . https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2023.2166544
Sakr, M. (2020) Digital Play in Early Childhood : What’s the problem? London ; Sage
van Kraalingen, I. (2021) A systematized review of the use of mobile technology in outdoor learning. Journal of adventure education and outdoor learning . https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2021.1984963
WG ( 2022) Professional Learning : Outdoor Learning . Available at : https://hwb.gov.wales/repository/resource/b8781f79-5eb7-4548-a20e-a17b0da88df2/en/overview (Accessed August 2023)
WG ( 2023) The curriculum for Non Maintained Nursery settings. Cardiff : Crown Copyright.